1/ Decentralized thoughts on DAGs With Neil Giridharan and @kartik1507

2/ Separation of dispersal and consensus. Instead of reaching consensus on data, modern consensus protocols **disperse** the data and then reach **consensus** on small data availability certificates (DACs). This modularity increases throughput and separates concerns.

3/ Dispersal is live in asynchrony. Unlike consensus, dispersal doesn’t hit the FLP wall. So DAG protocols can keep making progress while the network is asynchronous, then commit a whole batch once synchrony returns.

4/ Single vs multi-disperser. Single-disperser BFT use one party to disperse data. Multi-disperser BFT (DAG based BFT) let all parties disperse concurrently. If transactions don’t overlap, they provide high throughput.

5/ Certified vs uncertified DAGs. Certified DAGs use DACs to guarantee availability, but naively suffer higher latency. Uncertified DAGs need sync protocols to recover missing data and can reduce latency.

6/ Virtual voting. Consensus is piggybacked onto the DAG. So no extra bandwidth but potentially higher latency.